Victor Vroom developed the expectancy theory in 1964. The theory is based on the assumption that behavior results from conscious choices based on alternatives to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain. Therefore, a person can feel motivated to put in more effort if they know the efforts will lead to better rewards. According to Redmond, people are motivated to engage in something as they anticipate that their actions will result in the desired result. This, behavior can be oriented towards individualized and anticipated goals.